微生物降解炼油厂含酚废水的实验研究

采用燕化集团公司炼油事业部污水厂的活性污泥为菌源 ,好氧条件下通过分离、驯化筛选出三种高效降酚微生物。并在实验室模拟三相生物流化床分别对人工含酚废水和燕山石化炼油厂含酚废水进行降解实验 ,结果显示 ,在三相生物流化床中使用微生物包埋法制作的海藻酸钙载体处理含酚废水 ,3小时段内降酚显著 ,t -testP <0 0 1,处理效果良好 ,并以海藻酸钠为主要原料制作载体可以极大降低处理成本     

Degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), PHB,by bacteria and purification of a novel PHB depolymerase fromComamonas sp.

Bacteria capable of growing on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), PHB, as the sole source of carbon and energy were isolated from various soils, lake water, activated sludge, and air. Although all bacteria utilized a wide variety of monomeric substrates for growth, most of the strains were restricted to degrade PHB and copolymers of 3-hydroxybutyrate and 3-hydroxyvalerate, P(3HB-co-3HV). Five strains were also able to decompose a homopolymer of 3-hydroxyvalerate, PHV. Poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate), PHO, was not degraded by any of the isolates. One strain, which was identified asComamonas sp., was selected, and the extracellular depolymerase of this strain was purified from the medium by ammonium sulfate precipitation and by chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel and Butyl-Sepharose 4B. The purified PHB depolymerase was not a glycoprotein. The relative molecular masses of the native enzyme and of the subunits were 45,000 or 44,000, respectively. The purified enzyme hydrolyzed PHB, P(3HB-co-3HV), and—at a very low rate—also PHV. Polyhydroxyalkanoates, PHA, with six or more carbon atoms per monomer or characteristic substrates for lipases were not hydrolyzed. In contrast to the PHB depolymerases ofPseudomonas lemoignei andAlcaligenes faecalis T₁, which are sensitive toward phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and which hydrolyze PHB mainly to the dimeric and trimeric esters of 3-hydroxybutyrate, the depolymerase ofComamonas sp. was insensitive toward PMSF and hydrolyzed PHB to monomeric 3-hydroxybutyrate indicating a different mechanism of PHB hydrolysis. Furthermore, the pH optimum of the reaction catalyzed by the depolymerase ofComamonas sp. was in the alkaline range at 9.4.     

Photocatalytic degradation of NOx in a pilot street canyon configuration using TiO2-mortar panels

Titanium dioxide is the most important photocatalysts used for purifying applications. If a TiO₂- containing material is left outdoors as a form of flat panels, it is activated by sunlight to remove harmful NOx gases during the day. The photocatalytic efficiency of a TiO₂-treated mortar for removal of NOx was investigated in the frame of this work. For this purpose a fully equipped monitoring system was designed at a pilot site. This system allows the in situ evaluation of the de-polluting properties of a photocatalytic material by taking into account the climatologic phenomena in street canyons, accurate measurements of pollution level and full registration of meteorological data The pilot site involved three artificial canyon streets, a pollution source, continuous NOx measurements inside the canyons and the source as well as background and meteorological measurements. Significant differences on the NOx concentration level were observed between the TiO₂ treated and the reference canyon. NOx values in TiO₂ canyon were 36.7 to 82.0% lower than the ones observed in the reference one. Data arising from this study could be used to assess the impact of the photocatalytic material on the purification of the urban environment.     

汽车乘务舱半物理环境模拟的甲醛光净化效果分析

汽车乘务舱半物理环境模拟系统,以测试室作为汽车乘务舱的模拟环境,采用平衡子系统作为甲醛污染物生成装置,用于研究在不同条件下甲醛污染物的光净化效果。实验结果表明:良好的通风条件可以改善甲醛的降解效果;甲醛初始浓度升高后虽然其降解效果有所下降,但是降解效果仍然可以达到80%以上;用改变电压来改变光强,9V和12V不同光强条件下,12V的效果好于9V;光照面积的增加可以明显地改善光催化降解的效果;玻璃和皮革作为载体时,皮革载体的降解效果要远好于玻璃载体。实验研究证明,光净化材料完全可以应用于汽车内环境中,且对甲醛空气污染物具有良好的净化效果。     

介孔TiO2纤维的制备及其光催化性能

采用溶胶-凝胶和水蒸气活化热处理技术制备了介孔TiO2纤维,考察了各种因素对介孔TiO2纤维光催化活性的影响,并对介孔TiO2纤维结构进行了表征。介孔TiO2纤维的最佳制备条件：n（TBOT）∶n（C6H10O3）∶n（H2O）∶n（C3H8O）=1∶0.4∶2.0∶16,搅拌时间80min,Si与Ti的摩尔比为0.15,采用分段程序升温工艺,活化温度为700℃。所得介孔TiO2纤维比表面积为127.7m2/g,最可几孔径为7.3nm,具有极高的热稳定性及抗晶型转变能力,反应时间75min时活性艳红X-3B降解率为99.3%。     

电离辐射处理工业废水的研究进展

在介绍电离辐射降解污染物机理的基础上,概述了电离辐射在水处理中的应用,重点讲述了影响污染物辐照降解的因素,包括水质（污染物初始浓度、pH值、溶剂性质和自由基清除剂）和辐射源（辐射源种类和辐照剂量率）两方面的影响,并讲述了污染物的辐照降解模型.最后提出电离辐射在水处理中存在的问题,对其研究和发展方向进行了展望.     

Assessing Major Ecosystem Types and the Challenge of Sustainability in Turkey

In recent years, Turkey has experienced rapid economic and population growth coupled with both an equally rapid increase in energy consumption and a vast disparity in welfare between socioeconomic groups and regions. In turn, these pressures have accelerated the destruction of productive, assimilative, and regenerative capacities of the ecosystems, which are essential for the well-being of the people and the economy. This paper describes the structure and function of major ecosystem types in Turkey and discusses the underlying causes of environmental degradation in the framework of economy, energy, environment, and ethics. From a national perspective, this paper suggests three sustainability-based policies necessary for Turkey's long-term interests that balance economic, environmental, and energy goals: (1) decoupling economic growth from energy consumption growth through the development of energy-efficient and renewable energy technologies; (2) linking economic efficiency and distributive justice of wealth and power through distributive and participatory public policies; and (3) integrating the economic and ecological systems through the internalization of externalities and ecosystem rehabilitation.     

Effect of Decalin Solvent on the Thermal Degradation of HDPE

The thermal cracking of HDPE in presence of different amounts of decalin was studied and compared with the reaction carried out in the absence of solvent. The decalin favours the mass and heat transfer during the reaction. In addition, it modifies the thermal degradation mechanism, which facilitates the formation of specific products. The use of decalin substantially increases the C₅–C₃₂ yield in comparison with the solventless reaction. In all cases, linear hydrocarbons such as n-paraffins, α-olefins and α,ω-dienes were detected. Increasing the decalin/plastic ratio led to enhanced α-olefin and n-paraffins yields, but the increase was more significant in the case of α-olefins, which are valuable compounds useful as raw chemicals. A reaction mechanism was proposed to explain the results obtained in presence of decalin. In these reactions, intramolecular radical transfer, secondary radical β-scission and hydrogen transfer from both decalin to intermediate radicals and from the polymer chain to regenerate the decalin play a significant role in determining the plastic conversion and the relative amounts of each product.     

伊利金川污水处理厂的设计与运行

根据乳品生产中产生的污水水质特点,对伊利金川污水处理厂采用“调节-隔油-UASB-SBR”工艺进行了工程设计。运行结果表明,采用UASB工艺处理乳品生产中的污水,绝大部分有机物可由厌氧微生物进行降解及去除,每天可减少供氧能耗约7900kW·h,每年可节约电费约130万元。出水水质符合GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》中的一级标准。同时,污水处理厂每天可产生约14300m3沼气(含9875m3甲烷),相当于9.8吨标准煤。沼气可用于低压锅炉燃烧原料,对于缓解目前能源日益紧缺的压力和发展企业的循环经济具有非常重要的意义。该工艺还具有路线短及能源回收等优点,实用性强。